PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, UNITS AND UNIT SYSTEMS
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
- A property which can be measured or quantified
- It can be represented as a number and a corresponding unit
UNITS
- A unit is usually mentioned along with the measured physical quantity expressed in numbers. This distinguishes different physical quantities.
> Fundamental units are those which cannot be expressed in terms of other quantities and have physical independence of their own
> 7 fundamental units are:
> 2 supplementary quantities are:
> Derived units: All other units which can be expressed in terms of fundamental units.
Example:
Area m2
Volume m3
Density kg/m3
Velocity m/s
Acceleration m/s2
Force Newton = 1 kg m/s2
Stress, pressure F/A = N/m2= Pascal
Moment Fxr = Nm
Work, energy F x s = Nm=Joule
> A vector is often represented by an arrow pointing in the direction of quantity
- Eg., Force vector of magnitude 5N is expressed in X direction as Fx = 5i N (where i is a vector of magnitude 1 in the x direction.)
Dimensional Formula
> Method of expressing a physical quantity in terms of fundamental quantities with proper manner
UNIT SYSTEMS
1. CGS system of units [Centimeter-Gram-Second]
- Length ———-> cm
- Mass ————> gram
- Time ————>second
- Force————>dyne
- Speed———–>kyne
- Acceleration —->gal
- Energy———–>erg
- Power————>erg/s
2. FPS system of units [Foot-Pound-Second]
- Length ———–>foot
- Mass ————->pound
- Time ————->second
- Force ————>poundal
- Energy ———–>poundal-foot
- Power ————>horse power
3. MKS system of units [Meter-kilogram-second]
- Length ————>meter
- Mass ————–>kilogram
- Time ————–>second
- Force ————->newton kgf
- Energy ————>joule
- Power ————->watt
- Pressure ———->Pascal
4. SI system of units
> French – system international d/ unites (International system of units)
> Adopted in 1960 by the General conference on weight and measures
- Length ——————->meter
- Mass ———————>kilogram
- Time ———————>second
- Force ——————–>Newton
- Energy ——————->Joule
- Power ——————–>Watt
- Pressure —————–>Pascal
- Capacitance ————->Farad
- Electric charge ———–>Coulomb
- Electric conductance —–>Siemens
- Magnetic conductance —>Henry
- Electric potential ———->Volt
- Electric resistance ———>Ohm
- Illuminance —————->Lux
- Luminous flux ————–>Lumen
- Magnetic flux ————–>Weber
- Magnetic flux density ——>Tesla
- Plane angle —————->Radian
- Solid angle —————–>Steradian
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